Julio J. Nogués

Sustaining Trade Reform: Institutional Lessons from Argentina and Peru (Directions in Development) Julio J. Nogués

The principal finding of Sustaining Trade Reform is that the trade policy reforms introduced by Peru in the 1990s have continued over several changes in the presidency whereas similar reforms in Argentina have since been reversed. In both countries, the reforms included the introduction of new mechanisms for managing trade policy as well as the reduction of restrictions. Throughout the 2000s, Peru's liberalization expanded. The new institutions became more robust, and through them pressures for protection were effectively contained. At the same time, Argentine trade policy returned to the high-protection import substitution regime in place before the 1990s reforms. Multiple restrictions have been imposed in Argentina, mostly through a reversion to informal methods that abjure the governance characteristics that the 1990s reforms introduced.

The difference between the two cases cannot be explained by economic parameters such as resource endowments or external shocks. Peru's reforms manifest the buoyant and confident attitude toward the global economy that reform leaders were able to introduce into Peruvian politics. In the words of former president Alan García, there is an eagerness to 'climb up on the wave of global economic growth.' In comparison, Argentina's current development strategy sees international trade as detrimental to Argentina's interests unless participation by Argentine buyers and sellers is guided by government intervention.

The Peruvian case provides examples of successfully managing the politics of reform and the technical aspects of policy so as to establish transparent and participatory processes that weigh accurately the impact of trade policy on all affected domestic parties. The Argentine case demonstrates that the World Trade Organization (WTO) legal system is not an effective restraint on a government that wants to revert to an import substitution regime. In short, international cooperation-such as support from international organizations such as the World Bank and the WTO-has been useful when it has recognized and influenced domestic sovereignty over economic regulation; it has not been useful when approached as a matter of international regulation of national actions.