Johnny Ch Lok

Online And Offline Television broadcasting Strengths And Weaknesses Comparision Johnny Ch Lok

How traditional broadcasting implement strategies to threaten online broadcasting development? While technological evolution and the emergence of new products and services have rendered visual media markets more competitive, some developments in the television and broadcasting market create challenges for competition policy. Product market definition in television and broadcasting has become a serious challenge due to technological changes and convergence. To properly define the relevant market, for example, US NCAs news must have a clear understanding of demand and supply side substitutions along the entire value chain. The market analysis must also take into account the different variables specific to audiovisual products and service markets, like high fixed costs, low marginal costs, bundling, non-price competition, two-sided or multi-sided nature of markets, vertical integration or rapid technological development. Convergence has led to situations of triple play, with telecommunications, cable TV and the Internet, or even quadruple play, with telecommunications, cable TV, Internet and mobile industry. Although market definitions will likely differ across jurisdictions and among individual markets, on a general level a wholesale market for content, a wholesale access market to the infrastructure and a retail market can be identified. A narrower market definition can be based on the type of: broadcaster, platform, pay TV services or premium content. Historically, different types of media (TV, radio, Internet or press) were viewed as separate product markets, but convergence has forced a number of NCAs to adopt a broader market definition (e.g. CME/Balkan News Corporation and TV Europe in Bulgaria). Similarly, representatives of the industry favour the adoption of a more inclusive product market definition. Even though convergence and technological changes have lowered barriers to entry, there are still significant challenges that may restrict market access. The doctrine gives a non-exhaustive list of examples: governmental policy, the presence of dominan.